1. Kaplan JA, Miller ED Jr, Gallagher EG Jr. Postoperative analgesia for thoracotomy patients. Anesth Analg 1975;54:773-777. PMID:
1239216.
2. Sinclair R, Cassuto J, Hogstrom S, Linden I, Faxen A, Hedner T, et al. Topical anesthesia with lidocaine aerosol in the control of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 1988;68:895-901. PMID:
3288007.
3. Partridge BL, Stabile BE. The effects of incisional bupivacaine on postoperative narcotic requirements, oxygen saturation and length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:486-491. PMID:
2239122.
4. Thomas DF, Lambert WG, Williams KL. The direct perfusion of surgical wounds with local anaesthetic solution: an approach to postoperative pain? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1983;65:226-229. PMID:
6347012.
5. Chester JF, Ravindranath K, White BD, Shanahan D, Taylor RS, Lloyd-Williams K. Wound perfusion with bupivacaine: objective evidence for efficacy in postoperative pain relief. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989;71:394-396. PMID:
2604350.
6. Suzuki A, Yoshikawa M, Matsuzawa N. The effect of wound perfusion on the relief of postoperative pain. Masui 1994;43:96-101. PMID:
8309062.
7. Chen TF, Clarke N, Bowman R, Harper NJ, Payne SR. Intermuscular bupivacaine infusion for control of pain after renal surgery: a preliminary report. Br J Urol 1994;74:155-159. PMID:
7921931.
8. Gibbs P, Purushotham A, Auld C, Cuschieri RJ. Continuous wound perfusion with bupivacaine for postoperative wound pain. Br J Surg 1988;75:923-924. PMID:
3179677.
9. Patel JM, Lanzafame RJ, Williams JS, Mullen BV, Hinshaw JR. The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983;157:338-340. PMID:
6623324.
10. Levack ID, Holmes JD, Robertson GS. Abdominal wound perfusion for the relief of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:615-619. PMID:
3707799.
11. Mecklem DW, Humphrey MD, Hicks RW. Efficacy of bupivacaine delivered by wound catheter for post-Caesarean section analgesia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;35:416-421. PMID:
8717568.
12. Moss G, Regal ME, Lichtig L. Reducing postoperative pain, narcotics, and length of hospitalization. Surgery 1986;99:206-210. PMID:
2868530.
13. Russell WC, Ramsay AH, Fletcher DR. The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine upon pain and respiratory function following open cholecystectomy. Aust N Z J Surg 1993;63:756-759. PMID:
7506020.
14. Martin J, Neill RS. Venous plasma (total) bupivacaine concentrations following lower abdominal field block. Br J Anaesth 1987;59:1425-1430. PMID:
2961361.
15. Kastrissios H, Triggs EJ, Sinclair F, Moran P, Smithers M. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after wound infiltration of an 0.5% solution after inguinal herniorrhaphy: a preliminary study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;44:555-557. PMID:
8405012.
16. Hebel SK, Burnham TH. Drug facts and comparisons. St. Louis (MO): Wolters Kluwer Co.; 1996.
17. Fredman B, Shapiro A, Zohar E, Feldman E, Shorer S, Rawal N, et al. The analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled ropivacaine instillation after Cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2000;91:1436-1440. PMID:
11093995.
18. Givens VA, Lipscomb GH, Meyer NL. A randomized trial of postoperative wound irrigation with local anesthetic for pain after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1188-1191. PMID:
12066096.
19. Gupta A, Perniola A, Axelsson K, Thorn SE, Crafoord K, Rawal N. Postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind comparison between placebo and local anesthetic infused intraperitoneally. Anesth Analg 2004;99:1173-1179. PMID:
15385371.
20. Tverskoy M, Cozacov C, Ayache M, Bradley EL Jr, Kissin I. Postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy with different types of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1990;70:29-35. PMID:
2297102.
21. Kingsnorth AN, Wijesinha SS, Grixti CJ. Evaluation of dextran with local anaesthesia for short-stay inguinal herniorraphy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979;61:456-458. PMID:
496237.
22. Wall PD, Woolf CJ. The brief and the prolonged facilitatory effects of unmyelinated afferent input on the rat spinal cord are independently influenced by peripheral nerve section. Neuroscience 1986;17:1199-1205. PMID:
3714042.
23. Cook AJ, Woolf CJ, Wall PD, McMahon SB. Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord dorsal horn following C-primary afferent input. Nature 1987;325:151-153. PMID:
3808072.
24. Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature 1983;306:686-688. PMID:
6656869.
25. Wall PD. The prevention of postoperative pain. Pain 1988;33:289-290. PMID:
3419835.
26. Capelle W. Die Bedentung deswundschmerzes und seiner ausschaltung fur dan ablauf der atmung bei laparotomierte. Dtsch Z Chir 1935;246:466-485.
27. Blades B, Ford WB. A method for control of postoperative pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1950;91:524-526. PMID:
14787844.
28. Samarji WN. Rectus sheath analgesia in the control of postoperative abdominal pain and its influence on pulmonary function and complication. Proceedings of the 5th Congress Anaesthesiology 1973;1972; Kyoto, Japan. New York: Elsevier.
29. Gerwig WH Jr, Thompson CW, Blades B. Pain control following upper abdominal operations. AMA Arch Surg 1951;62:678-682. PMID:
14818541.
30. Lewis DL, Thompson WA. Reduction of post-operative pain. Br Med J 1953;1:973-974. PMID:
13032582.
31. LeBlanc KA, Bellanger D, Rhynes VK, Hausmann M. Evaluation of continuous infusion of 0.5% bupivacaine by elastomeric pump for postoperative pain management after open inguinal hernia repair. J Am Coll Surg 2005;200:198-202. PMID:
15664094.
32. Schell SR. Patient outcomes after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer: use of postoperative continuous local anesthesia infusion. J Surg Res 2006;134:124-132. PMID:
16488434.
33. Lau H, Patil NG, Lee F. Randomized clinical trial of postoperative subfascial infusion with bupivacaine following ambulatory open mesh repair of inguinal hernia. Dig Surg 2003;20:285-289. PMID:
12748432.
34. Cheong WK, Seow-Choen F, Eu KW, Tang CL, Heah SM. Randomized clinical trial of local bupivacaine perfusion versus parenteral morphine infusion for pain relief after laparotomy. Br J Surg 2001;88:357-359. PMID:
11260098.
35. Polglase AL, McMurrick PJ, Simpson PJ, Wale RJ, Carne PW, Johnson W, et al. Continuous wound infusion of local anesthetic for the control of pain after elective abdominal colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:2158-2167. PMID:
17914653.
36. Morrison JE Jr, Jacobs VR. Reduction or elimination of postoperative pain medication after mastectomy through use of a temporarily placed local anesthetic pump vs. control group. Zentralbl Gynakol 2003;125:17-22. PMID:
12877104.
37. White PF, Rawal S, Latham P, Markowitz S, Issioui T, Chi L, et al. Use of a continuous local anesthetic infusion for pain management after median sternotomy. Anesthesiology 2003;99:918-923. PMID:
14508326.
38. Schell SR. Patient analgesia after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND): outcomes in pain management using long-term continuous local anesthesia delivery. J Surg Res 2003;114:243-244.
39. Sanchez B, Waxman K, Tatevossian R, Gamberdella M, Read B. Local anesthetic infusion pumps improve postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair: a randomized trial. Am Surg 2004;70:1002-1006. PMID:
15586515.
40. Zimberg S, Guillermo D, Seiler J, Neimark M. ON-Q pain relief system in elective abdominal hysterectomy surgery, a pilot clinical outcomes study evaluating length of stay, postoperative pain, narcotic analgesia use and impact on costs and adverse effects. Presented at the 50th Annual Clinical Meeting of American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2002;2002 May 4-8; Los Angeles, LA. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
41. Fujii S, Takakura K, Matsumura N, Higuchi T, Yura S, Mandai M, et al. Anatomic identification and functional outcomes of the nerve sparing Okabayashi radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 2007;107:4-13. PMID:
17905140.
42. Quinn MJ, Kirk N. Differences in uterine innervation at hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1515-1519. PMID:
12501055.
43. Finder RL, Moore PA. Adverse drug reactions to local anesthesia. Dent Clin North Am 2002;46:747-757. PMID:
12436829.